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EXAM SYLLABUS

The UPSC Civil Services Examination syllabus is divided into Prelims, Mains, and Interview. The Prelims covers current affairs, history, geography, polity, economy, environment, science, and a qualifying CSAT paper with comprehension and reasoning. The Mains includes an essay, four General Studies papers on society, governance, economy, ethics, two optional subject papers, and qualifying language papers. The final stage is the Interview, which evaluates personality, leadership, and suitability for civil services.

UPSC CSE Prelims Syllabus

Paper I – General Studies

Current events of national and international importance

History of India and Indian National Movement

Indian and World Geography (Physical, Social, Economic)

Indian Polity and Governance (Constitution, Political System, Panchayati Raj, Public Policy)

Economic and Social Development (Sustainable Development, Poverty, Inclusion, Demographics)

Environmental Ecology, Biodiversity, and Climate Change

General Science

Paper II – CSAT (Qualifying)

Comprehension

Interpersonal skills and communication

Logical reasoning and analytical ability

Decision-making and problem-solving

General mental ability

Basic numeracy (Class X level)

Data interpretation (charts, graphs, tables)

Note: CSAT is qualifying in nature; minimum 33% required.

UPSC CSE Mains Syllabus

Paper A – Indian Language (Qualifying)

Comprehension

Precis writing

Usage and vocabulary

Short essays

Translation from English to Indian language and vice versa

Paper B – English (Qualifying)

Comprehension

Precis writing

Usage and vocabulary

Short essays

Paper I – Essay

Essays on multiple topics

Candidates must write two essays

Focus on clarity, coherence, and balanced arguments

Paper II – General Studies I

Indian culture and heritage

Modern Indian history

World history

Indian society and social issues

Geography of India and the world

Paper III – General Studies II

Indian Constitution and polity

Governance and public administration

Social justice

International relations

Paper IV – General Studies III

Indian economy

Agriculture

Science and technology

Environment and disaster management

Internal security

Paper V – General Studies IV

Ethics, integrity, and aptitude

Human values

Attitude and emotional intelligence

Case studies on ethical issues

Paper VI & VII – Optional Subject

One optional subject chosen by the candidate

Two papers of the same subject

Subjects include History, Geography, Political Science, Sociology, Public Administration, Economics, Anthropology, Mathematics, and others

Interview (Personality Test)

Personality assessment

Communication skills

Decision-making ability

Leadership qualities

Awareness of current issues

LETS DISCUSS SYLLABUS IN DETAIL WITH MARKS & DURATION

PAPER- I GENERAL STUDIES

PAPER- II CSAT

EXAM SYLLABUS

The UPSC Civil Services Examination syllabus is divided into Prelims, Mains, and Interview. The Prelims covers current affairs, history, geography, polity, economy, environment, science, and a qualifying CSAT paper with comprehension and reasoning. The Mains includes an essay, four General Studies papers on society, governance, economy, ethics, two optional subject papers, and qualifying language papers. The final stage is the Interview, which evaluates personality, leadership, and suitability for civil services.

UPSC CSE Prelims Syllabus

Paper I – General Studies

Current events of national and international importance

History of India and Indian National Movement

Indian and World Geography (Physical, Social, Economic)

Indian Polity and Governance (Constitution, Political System, Panchayati Raj, Public Policy)

Economic and Social Development (Sustainable Development, Poverty, Inclusion, Demographics)

Environmental Ecology, Biodiversity, and Climate Change

General Science

Paper II – CSAT (Qualifying)

Comprehension

Interpersonal skills and communication

Logical reasoning and analytical ability

Decision-making and problem-solving

General mental ability

Basic numeracy (Class X level)

Data interpretation (charts, graphs, tables)

Note: CSAT is qualifying in nature; minimum 33% required.

UPSC CSE Mains Syllabus

Paper A – Indian Language (Qualifying)

Comprehension

Precis writing

Usage and vocabulary

Short essays

Translation from English to Indian language and vice versa

Paper B – English (Qualifying)

Comprehension

Precis writing

Usage and vocabulary

Short essays

Paper I – Essay

Essays on multiple topics

Candidates must write two essays

Focus on clarity, coherence, and balanced arguments

Paper II – General Studies I

Indian culture and heritage

Modern Indian history

World history

Indian society and social issues

Geography of India and the world

Paper III – General Studies II

Indian Constitution and polity

Governance and public administration

Social justice

International relations

Paper IV – General Studies III

Indian economy

Agriculture

Science and technology

Environment and disaster management

Internal security

Paper V – General Studies IV

Ethics, integrity, and aptitude

Human values

Attitude and emotional intelligence

Case studies on ethical issues

Paper VI & VII – Optional Subject

One optional subject chosen by the candidate

Two papers of the same subject

Subjects include History, Geography, Political Science, Sociology, Public Administration, Economics, Anthropology, Mathematics, and others

Interview (Personality Test)

Personality assessment

Communication skills

Decision-making ability

Leadership qualities

Awareness of current issues

LETS DISCUSS SYLLABUS IN DETAIL WITH MARKS & DURATION

PAPER- I GENERAL STUDIES

PAPER- II CSAT

NOTE 1. Paper-II of the Civil Services (Preliminary) Examination will be a qualifying paper with minimum qualifying marks fixed at 33%.

NOTE 2. The questions will be of multiple choice, objective type.

NOTE 3. It is mandatory for the candidate to appear in both the Papers of Civil Services (Prelim) Examination for the purpose of evaluation. Therefore a candidate will be disqualified in case he/she does not appear in both the papers of Civil Services (Prelim) Examination.

CURRENT AFFAIRS

In UPSC Prelims the focus on dynamic questions has increased in recent years. Even from sections like Polity which were considered to be static, more and more questions seem to have their base in some recent issue/topic in the news. Moreover, Indian Economy and Environment portions in the UPSC Prelims Syllabus focus mostly on Current Affairs.

A few essential sources for current affairs preparation are

1. Yojana Magazine and Kurukshetra Magazine.

2. Economic and Political Weekly.

3. Press Information Bureau Releases (PIB).

4. The Hindu and The Indian Express.

HISTORY OF INDIA AND INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENTS

1. Ancient History of India

1.1. Prehistoric cultures in India.

1.2. Indus Valley Civilization. Origins- the different phases- society, economy, and culture- Contacts with other cultures- factors lead to the decline.

1.3. Geographical distribution and characteristics of pastoral and farming society.

1.4. Vedic society-Vedic texts- change from Rigvedic to later Vedic phases.

1.5. Vedic society Religion- Upanishad thought-Political and social organisation, the evolution of the Varna system and monarchy.

1.6. Formation of the State and urbanisation, from the Mahajanapadas to the Nandas.

1.7. Buddhism and Jainism- Factors for the spread of Buddhism.

1.8. The Mauryan Empire- Chandragupta and Megasthenes.

1.9. Ashoka and his inscriptions, his dhamma, culture, administration, and art.

1.10. Society of Post-Mauryan India, BC 200- AD 300- Evolution of Jatis.

1.11. The Satavahanas and formation of the state in the Peninsula.

1.12. Sangam texts and society.

1.13. Indo-Greeks, Sakas, Parthians, Kushans, Kanishka-Contacts with the outer world.

1.14. Different Religion- Bhagavatism, Shaivism, Mahayana Buddhism and Hinayana, Jainism and Culture and art.

1.15. The Guptas and their descendants.

1.16. Literature Science, Arts, Economy, and society -Modification in the political organisation of empire.

2. Medieval Indian History

2.1. Early Medieval India. Major dynasties, Political and Agrarian organisation. Status of women, Extent of social mobility. The Arabs in Sind and the Ghaznavids.

2.2. Cultural trends, 750-1200, Religious circumstances: the significance of temples and monastic institutions, Sankaracharya; Islam, Sufism. Art and architecture. Literature and Science.

2.3. 13th and 14th Centuries: Ghorian invasions reasons and consequences. Delhi Sultanate under the Slave Rulers. Aladdin Khalji: invasion; administrative, agrarian and economic measures. Muhammad Tughlug’s innovations. Firuz Tughluq and the decline of the Delhi Sultanate. Development of urbanisation and commerce. Spiritual movements in Hinduism and Islam. Literature. Architecture, Technological changes.

2.4. The 15th and early 16th Century: Key Provincial dynasties; Vijayanagara Empire. The Lodhis, First stage of the Mughal Empire: The Sur Empire and administration. Monotheistic movements: Kabir; Guru Nanak and Sikhism; Bhakti. The spread of regional literature. Art and Culture.

2.5. The Mughal Empire, Akbar: invasion, administrative measures, Policy of Sulh-I-Kul. Jagir and Mansab systems, Jahangir, Shahjahan, and Aurangzeb: extension of Mughal empire in the Deccan, religious policies. Shivaji. Persian and regional literature. Religious idea: Abul Fazl, Maharashtra dharma. Architecture. Painting. Economy: state of affairs of peasants and artisans, escalation in trade, trade with Europe. Social stratification and position of women.

2.6. The decline of the Mughal Empire, Reason behind the decline. Maratha power under the Peshwas. The Afghans. Regional states. Most important components of composite culture. Sawai Jai Singh, astronomer. The rise of the Urdu language.

3. Modern India Indian National Movement

3.1. British extension: The Carnatic Wars, invasion of Bengal. Mysore and its confrontation to British expansion: The three Anglo-Maratha Wars. Regulating and Pitt’s India Acts. Early composition of the British raj.

3.2. Economic Impact of the British Raj: land revenue settlements like Zamindari, Ryotwari, Mahalwari; Deindustrialisation; Railways and commercialisation of agriculture; increase of landless labour.

3.3. Cultural encounter and social changes: the inception of western education and modern thoughts. Indian Renaissance, religious and social reform movements; Social reforms events before 1857. Development of Indian middle class; the vernacular press and its effects: the rise of modern literature in Indian languages.

3.4. Confrontation to British rule: Early uprisings, The 1857 Revolt-reasons, character, course and result.

3.5. Indian Freedom struggle the first stage: Growth of national consciousness; creation of Associations; Establishment of the Indian National Congress and its Moderate stage, Swadeshi Movement, Economic Nationalism; The development of Extremism and the split in Congress, The policy of Divide and Rule, Congress-League Pact of 1916.

3.6. Gandhian thoughts and techniques of mass mobilisation- Civil Disobedience, the Khilafat movement, Non-Cooperation Movement, and Quit India Movement; another strand in the National Movement-Revolutionaries, Subhash Chandra Bose, and the Indian National Army.

3.7. Separatist movements in Indian politics- the Hindu Mahasabha and the Muslim League, Partition and Independence, The post -1945 developments.

3.8. India independent to 1964. A parliamentary, democratic, secular. Jawaharlal Nehru’s vision, Foreign policy of Non-alignment, Planning and state-controlled industrialisation. Agrarian modification.

INDIAN AND WORLD GEOGRAPHY

1. Indian Geography

1.1. The basic idea about India, Location, latitude, longitude, time zone, Neighbouring countries, States and its position and the states on International boundaries, Important straits.

1.2. Physical features of India, The Himalayas, The Great North Indian plains, Peninsular Plateau, Indian Desert, Coastal plains and Islands.

1.3. River systems – Characteristics, comparison and significance, Himalayan rivers, Peninsular rivers, River basins, Hydro-Power projects, Power plants and Major Dams, Regional development and planning, West flowing and east-flowing rivers, Interlinking of rivers.

1.4. Climate in India, Monsoon, Driving mechanism, Effects of La-Nino and El-Nino, Recent theories, Season of India, Cyclones.

1.5. Mineral and industries, Distribution of minerals, Industrial policies, Location factors, Issues and challenges of the industries, Industrial clusters.

1.6. Agriculture and Allied-characteristics and Problems, Land utilisation, Types of agriculture practices, Soils and Crops, Trends agriculture (Green revolution ), Irrigation, Major irrigation projects, Land reforms, Government policies and schemes, Animal husbandry (livestock resources).

1.7. Natural vegetation and fauna- Characteristics, importance, comparison and significance, Classification of natural vegetation, Rainfall distribution, Wildlife sanctuaries, National Forest Policy, Biosphere reserve, National parks , Environmental issues, Red-listed species (in recent news).

1.8. Economic infrastructure, Transportation, Road(National Highways)- Rail- Air- Water(Major inland waterways) and its Significance, Power and energy sector, Sources of conventional and non-conventional energy, Energy conservation and crisis, Recent developments.

1.9. Human geography, Demographics, Demographics.

2. World Geography & Physical Geography

2.1. Universe, Theories related to Solar System, Theories related to the formation of the universe, Recent updates on the same.

2.2. The basic idea about Earth, The motion of the Earth – Rotation and Revolution, Latitudes and Longitudes, The inclination of the Earth’s Axis – effect on seasons, Solar Eclipse, Lunar Eclipse and Tides and their significance.

2.3. Geomorphology, Earth’s movement (exo-genetic and endo-genetic), Earthquakes, volcanic activity, The basic idea about Continental Drift Theory, Plate Tectonics Theory, Sea Floor Spreading.

2.4. Interior of the earth, lithosphere, Interaction of lithosphere with other spheres, Boundaries and composition.

2.5. Mass Movements of landforms, erosion and deposits, Basic information about geographical landforms and their significance, Rock system and Classification of Rocks.

2.6. Climatology.

2.7. The hydrosphere.

2.8. Biosphere.

2.9. Economic geography.

2.10. Map work.

2.11. Places in News.

INDIAN POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

1. Preamble, Features of preamble, 42nd Amendment, Swaran Singh committee.

2. Schedules, The basic idea about 12 schedules.

3. Constitution of India, The basic idea about All articles, Historical Background, Drafting committee and the making of the Constitution, Influence of other constitutions, Its salient features.

4. Union and its Territory.

5. Citizenship, The basic idea about Article 5-11, PIO, NRI, OCI and Pravasi Bharatiya Divas, etc.

6. Fundamental Rights (FR), The basic idea about Article 12-35, A thorough understanding of Articles 14- 30 and Art. 32, etc.

7. Fundamental Duties(FD), Article 51A, Difference between FR and FD, Significance and Criticism, Enforcement of FD’s, Recent issues about FD.

8. Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP).

9. Union.

10. Judiciary.

11. State Government- State Executive, Administration of Special Areas, Emergency Provisions, etc.

12. State- centre and interstate relations, Panchayati Raj and municipalities, Reservation, etc.

13. Constitution Bodies, Non-Constitutional Bodies, Tribunals, Special Provisions for SCs, STs, Backward Classes, Minorities and Anglo-Indians, etc.

14. Current affairs, Recent issues related to above-mentioned categories, Important schemes, programs, missions, laws, and policies launched by the government., Recent Government Bills and Governance- Actions, etc.

INDIAN ECONOMY

Economic and Social Development

1. Economic growth and development – basic concept and definition of Economy and economics, uses and transfer of resources, distributive effects, macro and microeconomic policy, micro-macro balance, distributive impact of economic policies, development versus growth, determinant of growth and development, concepts such as HPI/MPI, HDI, PQLI, GEM, GDI/GII, TAI, Green index, sustainable development, India’s ranking in the various indices.

2. Poverty – definitions, causes, distribution-deprivation, income versus calories, measurement of poverty, the status of poverty, eradication programmes, poverty and resource policy, tribal rights and issues, livelihood mission.

3. Inclusion – definition, relevance, types, financial inclusion, recent initiatives.

4. Demographics – census data, populations by gender, by state, by age group, socio-economic status, caste, religion, literacy levels, etc. Trends in human development – interstate comparison, etc.

5. Fiscal policy – definition, component, receipts, revenue and capital account, tax revenue, expenditure, budget.

GENERAL SCIENCE

1. Universe – Big Bang, Redshift, Blueshift, Star Formation – Stellar Evolution, Life Cycle of A Star, Solar System Formation – Nebular Theory of Laplace, Solar System – Planets, Inner Planets, Outer Planets, Sun – Internal Structure, Atmosphere.

2. Nuclear Fission, Nuclear Reactor Types, India’s Three-Stage Nuclear Power Programme, Cell Organelles – Plant Cell vs Animal Cell.

3. Carbohydrates – Monosaccharides, Polysaccharides, Proteins – Amino Acids, Enzymes, Vitamins and Minerals – Deficiency Diseases, Fats – Healthy Fats and Unhealthy Fats.

4. Animal Tissues – Epithelium, Connective Tissues.

5. Human Digestive System – Digestive Glands, Respiratory System – NCERT General Science, Endocrine Glands and Hormones, Human Neural System – Human Brain, Muscular and Skeletal System.

6. Nucleic acids – DNA and RNA, Recombinant DNA, Mitosis – Cell Cycle, Cell Division, Meiosis – Mitosis – Meiosis Comparison, Inheritance – Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance, Chromosomal Theory, Human Genome Project.

7. Sex Determination – Genetic Disorders.

8. Diseases Caused by Microorganisms, Microbes in Human Welfare – Useful Microbes.

9. Immunity – Human Immune System.

10. AIDS, Cancer – causes, Drugs and Alcohol Abuse, Diseases – Acute, Chronic, Communicable Diseases, Blood – Blood Groups – Formed Elements.

11. Circulatory System, Double Circulation, Excretory System – Kidney, Urine Formation.

12. Origin and Evolution of Life on Earth, Biological Classification, Five Kingdom Classifications of Plants and Animals, Plant Parts and Their Functions.

13. Plant Kingdom – Halophytes, Bryophytes, Plants with Seeds – Gymnosperms and Angiosperms, Plant Tissue – Simple, Complex Permanent Tissue, Plant Nutrition – Photosynthesis, Nitrogen Cycle, Fixation, Sexual and Asexual Reproduction in Plants.

14. Classification of Animal Kingdom (Animalia), Classification of Vertebrata (Phylum Chordata).

15.Human Reproductive System, Biotechnology – Genetic Engineering – Processes and Applications.

16. Atomic Theory – Structure of an Atom.

MAINS EXAM SYLLABUS IN DETAIL

The UPSC Civil Services Main Examination is a descriptive written test designed to assess a candidate’s depth of knowledge, analytical ability, clarity of thought, and writing skills. It consists of nine papers, out of which seven are counted for merit, while two language papers are qualifying in nature.

The Essay Paper requires candidates to write two essays on topics of national, international, social, economic, philosophical, or abstract relevance. This paper tests the ability to present coherent arguments, structure ideas logically, and express opinions clearly within the prescribed word limit.

General Studies Paper I focuses on Indian heritage and culture, history, and geography. It includes topics such as ancient, medieval, and modern Indian history, post-independence consolidation, world history, Indian society and its diversity, social issues, and the physical and human geography of India and the world.

General Studies Paper II deals with governance, constitution, polity, social justice, and international relations. It covers constitutional provisions, functions of government bodies, public policy, welfare schemes, issues related to health, education, and vulnerable sections, as well as India’s relations with neighboring and major global countries.

General Studies Paper III concentrates on economic development, agriculture, science and technology, environment, disaster management, and internal security. It includes Indian economy, planning, infrastructure, inclusive growth, food security, technological developments, environmental conservation, climate change, and challenges related to national security.

General Studies Paper IV is centered on ethics, integrity, and aptitude. It tests ethical values, moral thinking, emotional intelligence, and problem-solving through theoretical concepts and real-life case studies involving public service and administration.

In addition to General Studies, candidates must choose one Optional Subject, which has two papers. These papers test in-depth understanding of the chosen subject and play a crucial role in improving the overall merit score.

The Indian Language Paper and English Paper are qualifying in nature and assess comprehension, precise writing, and basic language skills. Marks from these papers are not added to the final merit list but clearing them is mandatory.

Overall, the Mains syllabus emphasizes analytical writing, conceptual clarity, and application of knowledge, making it the most decisive stage of the UPSC Civil Services Examination.

EXAM PATTERN

The Preliminary Examination for Indian Police Services Examination is Divided into Two Papers. The First Paper Contains 100 Questions of total 200 Marks from General Studies. The Second Paper Contains 80 Questions of total of 200 Marks from Civil Service Aptitude Test. 

The Section-wise Distribution of Questions and Marks is given below:

Note: The General Studies Paper-II of the Civil Services (Preliminary) Examination will be a qualifying paper with minimum qualifying marks fixed at 33%.

Mode Of Examination

The Preliminary Examination will be held as an Offline Pen & Paper Based Examination. It will contain Objective-Type Questions. 

Medium Of Examination

The question paper will be set both in Hindi & English Language.

Marking Scheme:

There will be Negative Marking for Incorrect Answers, as Detailed below:

There are four alternatives for the answers to every question. For each question for which a wrong answer has been given by the candidate, one-third of the marks assigned to that question will be deducted as penalty.

If a candidate gives more than one answer, it will be treated as a wrong answer even if one of the given answers happen to be correct and there will be the same penalty as above for that question.

If a question is left blank i.e. no answer is given by the candidate, there will be no penalty for that question.

MAINS EXAM

The UPSC Civil Services Main Examination format is descriptive and written in nature, conducted over multiple days. The Mains exam consists of nine papers, out of which seven papers are counted for merit, while two language papers are qualifying.

The exam includes one Essay paper, where candidates write two essays, four General Studies papers covering society, governance, economy, ethics, security, and international relations, and two Optional Subject papers chosen by the candidate. In addition, there are two qualifying papers—one Indian language and one English—meant to test basic language proficiency.

Each merit paper is of three hours duration, and the total marks considered for ranking in the Mains examination are 1750 marks. The Mains exam plays a crucial role in determining the candidate’s final merit and eligibility for the Personality Test (Interview).???????

ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA

Candidates willing to apply, are required to fulfill certain conditions to be eligible for it. The candidate who does not satisfy the Eligibility criteria like Age, Minimum educational qualification, their candidature shall be rejected by the authorities.

Nationality

To appear for the UPSC CSE Exams you need to be a citizen of India, for all other services, you must be either: 

 A citizen of India,

Or a subject of Nepal,

Or a subject of Bhutan,

Or a refugee from Tibet that came to India before the 1st of January 1962 with the intention of settling in India permanently.

Or an individual with Indian origin who has migrated from Burma, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, East African countries of Uganda, Zambia, Zaire, Kenya, the united republic of Tanzania, Malawi, Ethiopia, & Vietnam, with the purpose of settling permanently in India.

Note

(1) If you belong to categories b), c), d), and e), then you’d need a certificate issued by the govt. of India to be eligible.  

(2) Also belonging to the b), c), d), and e). Categories will bar you from being eligible to be appointed to the Indian Foreign Services. 

Age Limit

As per the age limit eligibility criteria, those between 21 to 32 years, can fill the UPSC CSE application form.

Relaxation Of Upper Age Limit

Number of Attempts

The number of times candidates are permitted to take the Exam is given in the below table:

Educational Qualifications

The candidate must have at least a bachelor’s degree from a recognised university to take the UPSC exam.

Even those candidates who have written the final year exams of the qualifying exam (bachelor’s degree) and are awaiting results can apply. Also, candidates who wo

ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA

Candidates willing to apply, are required to fulfill certain conditions to be eligible for it. The candidate who does not satisfy the Eligibility criteria like Age, Minimum educational qualification, their candidature shall be rejected by the authorities.

Nationality

To appear for the UPSC CSE Exams you need to be a citizen of India, for all other services, you must be either: 

 A citizen of India,

Or a subject of Nepal,

Or a subject of Bhutan,

Or a refugee from Tibet that came to India before the 1st of January 1962 with the intention of settling in India permanently.

Or an individual with Indian origin who has migrated from Burma, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, East African countries of Uganda, Zambia, Zaire, Kenya, the united republic of Tanzania, Malawi, Ethiopia, & Vietnam, with the purpose of settling permanently in India.

Note

(1) If you belong to categories b), c), d), and e), then you’d need a certificate issued by the govt. of India to be eligible.  

(2) Also belonging to the b), c), d), and e). Categories will bar you from being eligible to be appointed to the Indian Foreign Services. 

Age Limit

As per the age limit eligibility criteria, those between 21 to 32 years, can fill the UPSC CSE application form.

Relaxation Of Upper Age Limit

Number of Attempts

The number of times candidates are permitted to take the Exam is given in the below table:

Educational Qualifications

The candidate must have at least a bachelor’s degree from a recognised university to take the UPSC exam.

Even those candidates who have written the final year exams of the qualifying exam (bachelor’s degree) and are awaiting results can apply. Also, candidates who would write the final exam are also eligible to apply for the prelims exam. But, these candidates must produce proof of passing the exam while applying for the mains exam.

In exceptional cases, the UPSC may allow a candidate who does not fall under the aforementioned categories if the candidate has passed an exam conducted by other institutions, the standard of which the UPSC is convinced justifies his/her admission to take the UPSC exam.

Those candidates with professional/technical qualifications which are recognized by the Government as equivalent to professional/technical degrees are also eligible.

MBBS candidates who have not yet completed their internship by the time of applying for the UPSC Mains will be given a provisional admission to take the mains, provided they submit a copy of the certificate from the concerned University/institution authority that they have passed the requisite final professional medical examination. At the time of the interview, such candidates will have to produce a certificate from the University/institution stating that they have completed all the requirements (including completion of internship) for the award of the medical degree.

Physical Standard

Applicants Appearing for the UPSC CSE Exam must be Physically Fit and have a Sound Mind. After the UPSC CSE Personality Test Selected Applicants Undergo Several Medical Tests at the Medical Centre Notified by the UPSC. Candidates must pass all the Medical Tests to get admitted to any of the services.

IMPORTANT DATES

The UPSC Civil Services Main Examination (Mains) is held after the Preliminary Examination. For UPSC CSE 2026, while the Prelims is scheduled for 24th May 2026, the Mains exam is usually conducted about 3–4 months later, typically in September 2026.

EXAM ANALYSIS

UPSC CSE Prelims 2025 Analysis

The UPSC CSE Prelims 2025 General Studies Paper I was generally viewed as moderate to slightly difficult, with a strong emphasis on conceptual understanding and application-based questions, especially in subjects like geography, polity, environment, and current affairs. Geography was particularly challenging for many aspirants, with a high number of questions that tested conceptual clarity tied to current events rather than rote facts. Candidates reported that the paper required balanced preparation across all static and dynamic sections rather than heavy focus on any one area. The CSAT (Paper II) was considered tougher and more time-consuming than usual, with comprehensions and reasoning questions demanding careful reading and faster problem-solving abilities — though it remains qualifying in nature and must be cleared with at least 33 percent.

Because of this blend of difficulty levels, expert predictions placed the expected Prelims 2025 cut-off (based on GS Paper I performance) in the mid-80s range for the General category, slightly lower than the previous year but still competitive, with variations depending on category.

Key trends from Prelims 2025 that matter for 2026:
• Geography and integrated current-affairs questions are increasing in weightage.
• CSAT continues to be more analytical than basic, requiring focused practice.
• Static subjects (History, Polity, Economy) remain pivotal, but concept and application emphasis is growing.

UPSC CSE Mains 2025 Analysis

The UPSC CSE Mains 2025 (written) stage — which comprises Essay, General Studies Papers I–IV, and Optional Papers — was viewed overall as well-balanced but challenging, with questions demanding not just knowledge but analytical writing, structured thinking, and clarity of expression. The four General Studies Papers covered standard mains syllabus areas: Indian heritage, history, geography, polity and governance, social justice, economy, environment, internal security, and ethics. The GS papers tested both static knowledge and current issues application, and many candidates noted the need to connect factual knowledge with analytical perspectives on contemporary governance, society, and policy frameworks.

GS Paper 1 was considered moderate to moderately difficult, with a balanced mix of Indian culture, history, society, and geography questions that required depth of understanding. GS Paper 2 focused heavily on polity, constitution, governance, and international relations and rewarded candidates who could combine theory with real-world examples. GS Paper 3 tested economy, environment, science & technology, and security issues, requiring strong interdisciplinary preparation. GS Paper 4 (Ethics, Integrity, Aptitude) included a combination of theory and case-based questions that evaluated ethical reasoning and administrative mindset.

Experts estimated that the Mains cut-off marks (written) for the General category would likely trend in the low 700s (out of 1750), depending on candidate performance, overall difficulty, and the number of candidates who reached this stage.

Key Mains trends relevant for 2026:
• Writing clarity and structured answers matter more than volume of content.
• Ethics (GS 4) can be scoring if answered with clear logical frameworks and real-life examples.
• Balance between static syllabus and current policy or governance context improves performance.

Summary Insights for UPSC CSE 2026 Preparation

Prelims 2026: Focus on strong conceptual basics while practicing topic integration with current affairs — especially geography, polity, and environment. Allocate significant time to CSAT reasoning and comprehension.

Mains 2026: Prioritize answer writing practice with logical structure and clarity. Integrate current affairs with static syllabus areas (e.g., use real data/examples in essays and GS answers). Develop ethical reasoning through structured frameworks and case practice.

STUDY TIPS

To crack the UPSC Civil Services Exam, create a solid plan, start with NCERTs for basics, read newspapers daily for current affairs, and make concise notes. Focus heavily on consistent revision, regular answer writing practice, and taking mock tests to identify weak areas, while maintaining a healthy lifestyle and positive mindset. Choose your optional subject wisely, understand the syllabus thoroughly, and use reliable study materials. 

Understand the syllabus and PYQs first

Go through the complete Prelims and Mains syllabus and analyze at least 10 years of previous year questions to understand UPSC’s demand.

Build strong static basics

Focus on core subjects like Polity, History, Geography, Economy, and Environment using limited standard books.

Integrate current affairs with static topics

Read newspapers daily and link current issues with GS syllabus topics for both Prelims and Mains.

Answer writing from early stage

Start Mains answer writing once basics are covered. Practice structure, clarity, and time management.

Regular revision is non-negotiable

Revise every subject multiple times. UPSC rewards retention and conceptual clarity.

Mock tests with analysis

Attempt sectional and full-length tests for Prelims and Mains and analyze mistakes honestly.

CSAT preparation seriously

CSAT is qualifying but risky. Practice comprehension and reasoning weekly.

Optional subject strategy

Choose optional wisely and complete it early, as it carries 500 marks.

STUDY PLANS

UPSC CSE 1-Year Study Plan (Month-wise)

Months 1–3: Foundation Phase

Indian Polity

Modern Indian History

Geography (India + World basics)

Start newspaper reading and basic current affairs notes

Begin Optional Subject (Paper 1)

Weekly revision

Months 4–6: Core Coverage Phase

Indian Economy

Environment & Ecology

Ancient & Medieval History

Society and Social Issues

Optional Subject (Paper 2) completion

Start basic answer writing (GS + Optional)

CSAT practice once a week

Months 7–9: Prelims + Mains Integration Phase

Intensive Prelims MCQ practice

Full syllabus revision (static + current affairs)

Mains answer writing (GS 1–4 + Essay)

Ethics (GS 4) preparation with case studies

Full-length Prelims mock tests

Optional subject revision

Months 10–11: Prelims Focus Phase

Only Prelims-oriented preparation

Daily MCQ practice

Frequent revision of Polity, Economy, Environment

CSAT full-length mock tests

Reduce new study, increase revision

Month 12: Post-Prelims to Mains Transition

Resume Mains-focused preparation

Advanced answer writing practice

Essay writing every week

Current affairs consolidation

GS + Optional test series

Ethics case study practice

Final Advice

Consistency matters more than long hours

Revise more, read less

Write answers regularly

Stay mentally strong and disciplined

SIX-MONTH STUDY PLAN

The UPSC CSE Prelims is usually conducted towards the end of May, or at the beginning of June. Hence, for a six-month schedule, you will need to kick start your UPSC Prelims preparation from December. Here is a month-wise preparation schedule (10 hours/day). Apart from the 8-hour schedule mentioned below, spare 2 hours for revision, which is extremely important in the last leg of your UPSC Prelims preparation.

Note:- It is advisable to attempt a mini Mock Test on a daily basis to be thorough with the topic.

OVERVIEW

The UPSC CSE Exam (officially known as the Civil Services Examination) is conducted by the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) annually. The UPSC CSE Exam is conducted by the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) to appoint officers for the All India Administrative Civil Service. There are about services that come under the Civil Services Exam conducted by UPSC every year. These services include IAS, IFS, IPS, etc.

SOME MAJOR SERVICES

1. Indian Administrative Service (IAS)

The most prestigious service.

Involved in state and central administration, policy-making, and governance.

2. Indian Foreign Service (IFS)

Handles diplomacy and international relations.

Works in Indian embassies, high commissions, and represents India abroad.

3. Indian Police Service (IPS)

Responsible for law enforcement and internal security.

Posts in state and central police organizations, crime prevention, and public safety.

4. Indian Revenue Service (IRS)

Works in tax and revenue departments.

Two main streams:

IRS (Income Tax)

IRS (Customs & Central Excise)

5. Indian Audit and Accounts Service (IAAS)

Works under the Comptroller & Auditor General (CAG).

Responsible for government accounts and audits.

6. Indian Civil Accounts Service (ICAS)

Handles accounts and financial management in government departments.

7. Indian Defence Accounts Service (IDAS)

Manages accounts and budgeting for the Ministry of Defence and armed forces.

8. Indian Information Service (IIS)

Handles government communications and media.

Works in press and public information campaigns.

9. Indian P&T Accounts & Finance Service

Works in the Department of Posts and Telecommunications for financial management.

10. Indian Ordnance Factories Service (IOFS)

Manages defence manufacturing and ordnance factories.

11. Indian Postal Service (IPoS)

Administrative and operational roles in postal services.

Involves post office management and logistics.

12. Indian Railway Services (IRS/IRAS/IRPS, etc.)

Group A services of Indian Railways.

Handles administration and technical management in railways.

13. Indian Trade Service (ITS)

Works in the Department of Commerce for trade policy and promotion.

Deals with international trade and export-import regulation.

14. Indian Defence Estates Service (IDES)

Manages defence lands and estates.

Supervises army and central government properties.

15. Indian Postal Accounts & Finance Service

Works in the accounts and finance wing of the postal department.

Notes:

Allocation of services depends on rank, preference, and category.

Top rankers usually get IAS and IFS.

Some services are all India cadre, while others are central/state cadre mix.

ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA

Candidates willing to apply, are required to fulfill certain conditions to be eligible for it. The candidate who does not satisfy the Eligibility criteria like Age, Minimum educational qualification, their candidature shall be rejected by the authorities.

Nationality

To appear for the UPSC Exams you need to be a citizen of India, for all other services, you must be either: 

 A citizen of India,

Or a subject of Nepal,

Or a subject of Bhutan,

Or a refugee from Tibet that came to India before the 1st of January 1962 with the intention of settling in India permanently.

Or an individual with Indian origin who has migrated from Burma, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, East African countries of Uganda, Zambia, Zaire, Kenya, the

OVERVIEW

The UPSC CSE Exam (officially known as the Civil Services Examination) is conducted by the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) annually. The UPSC CSE Exam is conducted by the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) to appoint officers for the All India Administrative Civil Service. There are about services that come under the Civil Services Exam conducted by UPSC every year. These services include IAS, IFS, IPS, etc.

SOME MAJOR SERVICES

1. Indian Administrative Service (IAS)

The most prestigious service.

Involved in state and central administration, policy-making, and governance.

2. Indian Foreign Service (IFS)

Handles diplomacy and international relations.

Works in Indian embassies, high commissions, and represents India abroad.

3. Indian Police Service (IPS)

Responsible for law enforcement and internal security.

Posts in state and central police organizations, crime prevention, and public safety.

4. Indian Revenue Service (IRS)

Works in tax and revenue departments.

Two main streams:

IRS (Income Tax)

IRS (Customs & Central Excise)

5. Indian Audit and Accounts Service (IAAS)

Works under the Comptroller & Auditor General (CAG).

Responsible for government accounts and audits.

6. Indian Civil Accounts Service (ICAS)

Handles accounts and financial management in government departments.

7. Indian Defence Accounts Service (IDAS)

Manages accounts and budgeting for the Ministry of Defence and armed forces.

8. Indian Information Service (IIS)

Handles government communications and media.

Works in press and public information campaigns.

9. Indian P&T Accounts & Finance Service

Works in the Department of Posts and Telecommunications for financial management.

10. Indian Ordnance Factories Service (IOFS)

Manages defence manufacturing and ordnance factories.

11. Indian Postal Service (IPoS)

Administrative and operational roles in postal services.

Involves post office management and logistics.

12. Indian Railway Services (IRS/IRAS/IRPS, etc.)

Group A services of Indian Railways.

Handles administration and technical management in railways.

13. Indian Trade Service (ITS)

Works in the Department of Commerce for trade policy and promotion.

Deals with international trade and export-import regulation.

14. Indian Defence Estates Service (IDES)

Manages defence lands and estates.

Supervises army and central government properties.

15. Indian Postal Accounts & Finance Service

Works in the accounts and finance wing of the postal department.

Notes:

Allocation of services depends on rank, preference, and category.

Top rankers usually get IAS and IFS.

Some services are all India cadre, while others are central/state cadre mix.

ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA

Candidates willing to apply, are required to fulfill certain conditions to be eligible for it. The candidate who does not satisfy the Eligibility criteria like Age, Minimum educational qualification, their candidature shall be rejected by the authorities.

Nationality

To appear for the UPSC Exams you need to be a citizen of India, for all other services, you must be either: 

 A citizen of India,

Or a subject of Nepal,

Or a subject of Bhutan,

Or a refugee from Tibet that came to India before the 1st of January 1962 with the intention of settling in India permanently.

Or an individual with Indian origin who has migrated from Burma, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, East African countries of Uganda, Zambia, Zaire, Kenya, the united republic of Tanzania, Malawi, Ethiopia, & Vietnam, with the purpose of settling permanently in India.

Age Limit

As per the age limit eligibility criteria, those between 21 to 32 years, can fill the UPSC application form.

Relaxation Of Upper Age Limit

Number of Attempts

The number of times candidates are permitted to take the Exam is given in the below table:

Educational Qualifications

The candidate must have at least a bachelor’s degree from a recognised university to take the UPSC exam.

Even those candidates who have written the final year exams of the qualifying exam (bachelor’s degree) and are awaiting results can apply. Also, candidates who would write the final exam are also eligible to apply for the prelims exam. But, these candidates must produce proof of passing the exam while applying for the mains exam.

In exceptional cases, the UPSC may allow a candidate who does not fall under the aforementioned categories if the candidate has passed an exam conducted by other institutions, the standard of which the UPSC is convinced justifies his/her admission to take the UPSC exam.

Those candidates with professional/technical qualifications which are recognized by the Government as equivalent to professional/technical degrees are also eligible.

MBBS candidates who have not yet completed their internship by the time of applying for the UPSC Mains will be given a provisional admission to take the mains, provided they submit a copy of the certificate from the concerned University/institution authority that they have passed the requisite final professional medical examination. At the time of the interview, such candidates will have to produce a certificate from the University/institution stating that they have completed all the requirements (including completion of internship) for the award of the medical degree.

Physical Standard

Applicants Appearing for the UPSC Exam must be Physically Fit and have a Sound Mind. After the UPSC CSE Personality Test Selected Applicants Undergo Several Medical Tests at the Medical Centre Notified by the UPSC. Candidates must pass all the Medical Tests to get admitted to any of the services.

EXAM PATTERN

The UPSC Civil Services Examination is conducted in three stages.

Stage 1: Preliminary Examination

Objective-type examination

Conducted in offline (pen-and-paper) mode

Two compulsory papers held on the same day

Papers:

General Studies Paper I

General Studies Paper II (CSAT – qualifying)

Purpose:

Screening stage

Marks not counted in final merit

Stage 2: Main Examination

Descriptive-type written examination

Conducted over multiple days

Total 9 papers, out of which 7 are counted for merit

Includes:

Essay

General Studies (4 papers)

Optional Subject (2 papers)

Language papers (qualifying)

Purpose:

Determines merit ranking for final selection

Stage 3: Personality Test (Interview)

Face-to-face interview conducted by UPSC board

Tests personality traits, leadership, and decision-making

Marks are added to Mains score for final merit list

Final Selection

Based on Mains + Interview marks

Service allocation depends on rank, preference, and vacancies

Note: The General Studies Paper-II of the Civil Services (Preliminary) Examination will be a qualifying paper with minimum qualifying marks fixed at 33%.

Mode Of Examination

The Preliminary Examination for Indian Police Service will be held as an Offline Pen & Paper Based Examination. It will contain Objective-Type Questions. 

Medium Of Examination

The question paper will be set both in Hindi & English Language.

Marking Scheme

There will be Negative Marking for Incorrect Answers, as Detailed below:

There are four alternatives for the answers to every question. For each question for which a wrong answer has been given by the candidate, one-third of the marks assigned to that question will be deducted as penalty.

If a candidate gives more than one answer, it will be treated as a wrong answer even if one of the given answers happen to be correct and there will be the same penalty as above for that question.

If a question is left blank i.e. no answer is given by the candidate, there will be no penalty for that question.

EXAM SYLLABUS

The UPSC Civil Services Examination syllabus is divided into three stages: Prelims, Mains, and Interview. The Preliminary Examination consists of General Studies covering current affairs, history, geography, polity, economy, environment, and science, along with a qualifying CSAT paper that includes comprehension, reasoning, decision-making, and basic numeracy. The Main Examination is a descriptive test comprising an essay paper, four General Studies papers dealing with Indian heritage and culture, society, governance, economy, ethics, internal security, science and international relations, two papers of an optional subject chosen by the candidate, and two qualifying language papers (Indian language and English). The final stage is the Personality Test (Interview), which assesses a candidate’s personality, leadership qualities, communication skills, decision-making ability, and overall suitability for a career in civil services.

Paper I – General Studies

Current events of national and international importance

History of India and Indian National Movement

Indian and World Geography (Physical, Social, Economic)

Indian Polity and Governance (Constitution, Political System, Panchayati Raj, Public Policy)

Economic and Social Development (Sustainable Development, Poverty, Inclusion, Demographics)

Environmental Ecology, Biodiversity, and Climate Change

General Science

Paper II – CSAT (Qualifying)

Comprehension

Interpersonal skills and communication

Logical reasoning and analytical ability

Decision-making and problem-solving

General mental ability

Basic numeracy (Class X level)

Data interpretation (charts, graphs, tables)

Note: CSAT is qualifying in nature; minimum 33% required.

UPSC CSE Mains Syllabus

Paper A – Indian Language (Qualifying)

Comprehension

Precis writing

Usage and vocabulary

Short essays

Translation from English to Indian language and vice versa

Paper B – English (Qualifying)

Comprehension

Precis writing

Usage and vocabulary

Short essays

Paper I – Essay

Essays on multiple topics

Candidates must write two essays

Focus on clarity, coherence, and balanced arguments

Paper II – General Studies I

Indian culture and heritage

Modern Indian history

World history

Indian society and social issues

Geography of India and the world

Paper III – General Studies II

Indian Constitution and polity

Governance and public administration

Social justice

International relations

Paper IV – General Studies III

Indian economy

Agriculture

Science and technology

Environment and disaster management

Internal security

Paper V – General Studies IV

Ethics, integrity, and aptitude

Human values

Attitude and emotional intelligence

Case studies on ethical issues

Paper VI & VII – Optional Subject

One optional subject chosen by the candidate

Two papers of the same subject

Subjects include History, Geography, Political Science, Sociology, Public Administration, Economics, Anthropology, Mathematics, and others

Interview (Personality Test)

Personality assessment

Communication skills

Decision-making ability

Leadership qualities

Awareness of current issues

SELECTION PROCESS

The UPSC Civil Services Examination selection process is conducted in three stages. First, candidates must clear the Preliminary Examination, which serves as a screening test and shortlists candidates for the next stage.

Those who qualify Prelims appear for the Main Examination, a descriptive written exam that plays a crucial role in determining the merit rank. Candidates who clear the Mains are then called for the Personality Test (Interview), where their suitability for civil services is assessed.

The final selection and service allocation are based on the combined marks obtained in the Mains examination and the Interview, along with the candidate’s preferences and availability of vacancies.???????