CBSE EXAM LATEST UPDATE
The Class 11 exams depend on the schools, as they decide when to conduct the exams. Usually, the Class 11 exams are held a few months before the final board exams. This gives you the opportunity to prepare for the final board exams and also mentally prepare for them. Therefore, it is better to contact your school regarding the Class 11 exams, and also take advantage of the complete information provided here for the final board exam.
Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) has announced class 12 Board exams date. This year class 12th board exam will be started from 15 February 2025 and will last upto 04 April 2025, it will take around 49 days to complete the class 12th board exam. The first exam will be held on 15 February 2025 for Entrepreneurship (Including Vocational Students) subject and the last exam will be held on 04 April 2025 for Psychology subject. The practical exams/Internal Assesment/Projects & the board's annual theory examinations are scheduled to start w.e.f 01th January 2025 and 15th February 2025.
OFFICIAL SYLLABUS
| S.NO | CHAPTERS |
| 1 | Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry |
| 2 | Structure of Atom |
| 3 | Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties |
| 4 | Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure |
| 5 | States of Matter |
| 6 | Thermodynamics |
| 7 | Equilibrium |
| 8 | Redox Reactions |
| 9 | Hydrogen |
| 10 | The s-block Elements |
| 11 | The p-block Elements |
| 12 | Organic Chemistry: Some Basic Principles and Techniques |
| 13 | Hydrocarbons |
| 14 | Environment Chemistry |
Unit I: Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
General Introduction: Importance and scope of Chemistry
Nature of matter, laws of chemical combination, Dalton's atomic theory: the concept of elements, atoms and molecules.
Atomic and molecular masses, mole concept and molar mass, percentage composition, empirical and molecular formula, chemical reactions, stoichiometry and calculations based on stoichiometry.
Unit II: Structure of Atom
Discovery of Electron, Proton and Neutron, atomic number, isotopes and isobars. Thomson's model and its limitations. Rutherford's model and its limitations, Bohr's model and its limitations, the concept of shells and subshells, the dual nature of matter and light, de Broglie's relationship, Heisenberg uncertainty principle, the concept of orbitals, quantum numbers, shapes of s, p and d orbitals, rules for filling electrons in orbitals-Aufbau principle, Pauli's exclusion principle and Hund's rule, electronic configuration of atoms, stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals.
Unit III: Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties
Significance of classification, a brief history of the development of the periodic table, modern periodic law and the present form of the periodic table, periodic trends in properties of elements-atomic radii, ionic radii, inert gas radii, Ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity, valency. Nomenclature of elements with atomic number greater than 100.
Unit IV: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
Valence electrons, ionic bond, covalent bond, bond parameters, Lewis structure, the polar character of covalent bond, covalent character of ionic bond, valence bond theory, resonance, Geometry of covalent molecules, VSEPR theory, the concept of hybridization, involving s, p and d orbitals and shapes of some simple molecules, molecular orbital theory of homo Nuclear diatomic molecules(qualitative idea only), Hydrogen bond.
Unit V: States of Matter: Gases and Liquids
Three states of matter, intermolecular interactions, types of bonding, melting and boiling points, a role of gas laws in elucidating the concept of the molecule, Bo
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CBSE EXAM LATEST UPDATE
The Class 11 exams depend on the schools, as they decide when to conduct the exams. Usually, the Class 11 exams are held a few months before the final board exams. This gives you the opportunity to prepare for the final board exams and also mentally prepare for them. Therefore, it is better to contact your school regarding the Class 11 exams, and also take advantage of the complete information provided here for the final board exam.
Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) has announced class 12 Board exams date. This year class 12th board exam will be started from 15 February 2025 and will last upto 04 April 2025, it will take around 49 days to complete the class 12th board exam. The first exam will be held on 15 February 2025 for Entrepreneurship (Including Vocational Students) subject and the last exam will be held on 04 April 2025 for Psychology subject. The practical exams/Internal Assesment/Projects & the board's annual theory examinations are scheduled to start w.e.f 01th January 2025 and 15th February 2025.
OFFICIAL SYLLABUS
| S.NO | CHAPTERS |
| 1 | Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry |
| 2 | Structure of Atom |
| 3 | Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties |
| 4 | Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure |
| 5 | States of Matter |
| 6 | Thermodynamics |
| 7 | Equilibrium |
| 8 | Redox Reactions |
| 9 | Hydrogen |
| 10 | The s-block Elements |
| 11 | The p-block Elements |
| 12 | Organic Chemistry: Some Basic Principles and Techniques |
| 13 | Hydrocarbons |
| 14 | Environment Chemistry |
Unit I: Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
General Introduction: Importance and scope of Chemistry
Nature of matter, laws of chemical combination, Dalton's atomic theory: the concept of elements, atoms and molecules.
Atomic and molecular masses, mole concept and molar mass, percentage composition, empirical and molecular formula, chemical reactions, stoichiometry and calculations based on stoichiometry.
Unit II: Structure of Atom
Discovery of Electron, Proton and Neutron, atomic number, isotopes and isobars. Thomson's model and its limitations. Rutherford's model and its limitations, Bohr's model and its limitations, the concept of shells and subshells, the dual nature of matter and light, de Broglie's relationship, Heisenberg uncertainty principle, the concept of orbitals, quantum numbers, shapes of s, p and d orbitals, rules for filling electrons in orbitals-Aufbau principle, Pauli's exclusion principle and Hund's rule, electronic configuration of atoms, stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals.
Unit III: Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties
Significance of classification, a brief history of the development of the periodic table, modern periodic law and the present form of the periodic table, periodic trends in properties of elements-atomic radii, ionic radii, inert gas radii, Ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity, valency. Nomenclature of elements with atomic number greater than 100.
Unit IV: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
Valence electrons, ionic bond, covalent bond, bond parameters, Lewis structure, the polar character of covalent bond, covalent character of ionic bond, valence bond theory, resonance, Geometry of covalent molecules, VSEPR theory, the concept of hybridization, involving s, p and d orbitals and shapes of some simple molecules, molecular orbital theory of homo Nuclear diatomic molecules(qualitative idea only), Hydrogen bond.
Unit V: States of Matter: Gases and Liquids
Three states of matter, intermolecular interactions, types of bonding, melting and boiling points, a role of gas laws in elucidating the concept of the molecule, Boyle's law, Charles law, Gay Lussac's law, Avogadro's law, ideal behaviour, empirical derivation of gas equation, Avogadro's number, ideal gas equation. Deviation from ideal behaviour, liquefaction of Gases, critical temperature, kinetic energy and molecular speeds (elementary idea), Liquid State Vapour pressure, viscosity and surface tension (qualitative idea only, no mathematical derivations)
Unit VI: Chemical Thermodynamics
Concepts of the System and types of systems, surroundings, work, heat, energy, extensive and intensive properties, the state functions. The First law of thermodynamics-internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity and specific heat, measurement of Delta U and Delta H, Hess's law of constant heat summation, enthalpy of bond dissociation, combustion, formation, Atomization, sublimation, phase transition, ionization, solution and dilution. The Second law of Thermodynamics (brief introduction) Introduction of entropy as a state function, Gibb's Energy change for spontaneous and non-spontaneous processes, the criteria for equilibrium. Third law of thermodynamics (brief introduction).
Unit VII: Equilibrium
Equilibrium in physical and chemical processes, dynamic nature of equilibrium, the law of mass action, equilibrium constant, factors affecting equilibrium-Le Chatelier's principle, ionic Equilibrium-ionization of acids and bases, strong and weak electrolytes, degree of ionization, ionization of poly-basic acids, acid strength, the concept of pH, hydrolysis of salts (elementary idea), buffer solution, Henderson Equation, solubility product, common ion effect (with illustrative examples).
Unit VIII: Redox Reactions
Concept of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, oxidation number, balancing redox reactions, in terms of loss and gain of electrons and change in oxidation number, Applications of redox reactions.
Unit IX: Hydrogen
Position of hydrogen in the periodic table, occurrence, isotopes, preparation, properties and uses of hydrogen, hydrides-ionic covalent and interstitial; physical and chemical properties of water, heavy water, hydrogen peroxide-preparation, reactions and structure and use; hydrogen as a fuel.
Unit X: s-Block Elements (Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals)
Group 1 and Group 2 Elements
General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, anomalous properties of the first element of each group, diagonal relationship, trends in the variation of properties (such as ionization enthalpy, atomic and ionic radii), trends in chemical reactivity with oxygen, water, hydrogen and halogens, uses. Preparation and Properties of Some Important Compounds: Sodium Carbonate, Sodium Chloride, Sodium Hydroxide and Sodium Hydrogen carbonate, Biological importance of Sodium and Potassium. Calcium Oxide and Calcium Carbonate and their industrial uses, biological importance of Magnesium and Calcium.
Unit XI: Some p-Block Elements
General Introduction to p-Block Elements
Group 13 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, variation of properties, oxidation states, trends in chemical reactivity, anomalous properties of first Element of the group, Boron-physical and chemical properties, some important compounds: Borax, Boric acid, Boron Hydrides, Aluminium: Reactions with acids and alkalies, uses.
Group 14 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, variation of properties, oxidation states, trends in chemical reactivity, anomalous behaviour of first Elements. Carbon-catenation, allotropic forms, physical and chemical properties; uses of some important compounds: oxides. Important compounds of Silicon and a few uses: Silicon Tetrachloride, Silicones, Silicate sand Zeolites, their uses.
Unit XII: Organic Chemistry-Some Basic Principles and Techniques
General introduction, methods of purification, qualitative and quantitative analysis, classification and IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds. Electronic displacements in a Covalent bond: inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance and hyper-conjugation. Homolytic and heterolytic fission of a covalent bond: free radicals, carbocations, carbanions, Electrophiles and nucleophiles, types of organic reactions.
Unit XIII: Hydrocarbons
Classification of Hydrocarbons
Aliphatic Hydrocarbons:
Alkanes-Nomenclature, isomerism, conformation (ethane only), physical properties, chemical reactions including free radical mechanism of halogenation, combustion and pyrolysis.
Alkenes-Nomenclature, the structure of double bond (ethene), geometrical isomerism, physical properties, methods of preparation, chemical reactions: addition of hydrogen, halogen, Water, hydrogen halides (Markovnikov's addition and peroxide effect), ozonolysis, oxidation, mechanism of electrophilic addition. Alkynes-Nomenclature, the structure of triple bond (ethyne), physical properties, methods of preparation, chemical reactions: acidic character of alkynes, addition reaction of hydrogen, halogens, hydrogen halides and water.
Aromatic Hydrocarbons:
Introduction, IUPAC nomenclature, benzene: resonance, aromaticity, chemical properties: mechanism of electrophilic substitution. Nitration, sulphonation, halogenation, Friedel Craft's alkylation and acylation, directive influence of the functional group in mono-substituted benzene.Carcinogenicity and toxicity.
Unit XIV: Environmental Chemistry
Environmental pollution-air, water and soil pollution, chemical reactions in the atmosphere, smog, major atmospheric pollutants, acid rain, ozone and its reactions, effects of depletion of the ozone layer, greenhouse effect and global warming-pollution due to industrial wastes, green chemistry as an alternative tool for reducing pollution, strategies for control of environmental pollution.
PRACTICALS
| Evaluation Scheme for Examination | Marks |
| Volumetric Analysis | 08 |
| Salt Analysis | 08 |
| Content-Based Experiment | 06 |
| Project Work | 04 |
| Class record and viva | 04 |
| Total | 30 |
PRACTICAL SYLLABUS
Micro-chemical methods are available for several Practical experiments. Wherever possible, such techniques should be used.
A. Basic Laboratory Techniques
1. Cutting glass tube and glass rod
2. Bending a glass tube
3. Drawing out a glass jet
4. Boring a cork
B. Characterization and Purification of Chemical Substances
1. Determination of the melting point of an organic compound.
2. Determination of the boiling point of an organic compound.
3. Crystallization of impure sample of any one of the following: Alum, Copper Sulphate, Benzoic Acid.
C. Experiments based on pH
a) Any one of the following experiments:
1. Determination of pH of some solutions obtained from fruit juices, solution of known and varied concentrations of acids, bases and salts using pH paper or universal indicator.
2. Comparing the pH of solutions of strong and weak acids of the same concentration.
3. Study the pH change in the titration of a strong base using the universal indicator.
b) Study the pH change by common-ion in case of weak acids and weak bases.
D. Chemical Equilibrium
One of the following experiments
a) Study the shift in equilibrium between ferric iron and thiocyanate ions by increasing/decreasing the concentration of either of the ions.
b) Study the shift in equilibrium between [Co(H2O)6]2+ and chloride ions by changing the concentration of either of the ions.
E. Quantitative Estimation
1. Using a mechanical balance/electronic balance.
2. Preparation of standard solution of Oxalic acid.
3. Determination of strength of a given solution of Sodium hydroxide by titrating it against the standard solution of Oxalic acid.
4. Preparation of standard solution of Sodium carbonate.
5. Determination of strength of a given solution of hydrochloric acid by titrating it against standard Sodium Carbonate solution.
F. Qualitative Analysis
a) Determination of one cation and one anion in a given salt.
Cation : Pb2+, Cu2+, As3+, Al3+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Zn2+, Cu2+, Ni2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Ng2+, NH4+
Anions: (CO3)2-, S2-, (SO3)2-, (NO2)-, (SO4)2-, Cl-, Br-, I-, PO4-, C2O2-4, CH3COO-
b) Detection of -Nitrogen, Sulphur, and Chlorine in organic compounds.
G. PROJECTS
Scientific investigations involving laboratory testing and collecting information from other sources.
A few suggested Projects
1. Checking the bacterial contamination in drinking water by testing sulphide ion
2. Study of the methods of purification of water
3. Testing the hardness, the presence of Iron, Fluoride, Chloride, etc., depending upon the regional variation in drinking water and study of causes of the presence of these ions above the permissible limit (if any).
4. Investigation of the foaming capacity of different washing soaps and the effect of the addition of Sodium carbonate on it
5. Study the acidity of different samples of tea leaves.
6. Determination of the rate of evaporation of different liquids
7. Study the effect of acids and bases on the tensile strength of fibres.
8. Study of acidity of fruit and vegetable juices.
Note: Any other investigatory project, which involves about 10 periods of work, can be chosen with the approval of the teacher.
TO KNOW MORE
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For Practical & Projects Circulars: click here
