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China has passed a new law designed to strengthen national unity by fostering a shared sense of identity among its diverse ethnic communities. The legislation, titled “Promoting Ethnic Unity and Progress,” received overwhelming approval from the National People’s Congress and is set to take effect on 1 July 2026. This move forms part of the Chinese Communist Party’s broader strategy to reinforce political stability and national cohesion.

Emphasis on National Identity and Integration

The law aims to cultivate a common Chinese identity by promoting closer integration among the country’s 56 officially recognized ethnic groups. While Han Chinese constitute over 91% of the population, the remaining minority groups include Tibetans, Uyghurs, Mongols, Hui, and Manchus, many of whom live in regions rich in natural resources that cover nearly half of China’s territory. The legislation encourages integration through measures in education, housing, migration, cultural exchanges, tourism, and regional development.

Mandarin as the Primary Language in Education

A central component of the law is the promotion of Mandarin as the main language of instruction in schools and the principal language for government and official communication. In public settings where both Mandarin and minority languages are used, Mandarin is to take precedence in display and usage. Authorities emphasize that minority languages and scripts will continue to be protected, but Mandarin will remain central to administrative and educational systems.

Sinicisation of Religion and Social Policies

The law also requires religious organizations to follow the policy of “Sinicisation of religion,” ensuring that religious practices align with Chinese cultural and political values. Furthermore, it discourages restrictions on marriage based on ethnicity, religion, or customs, promoting inter-ethnic marriages and broader social integration.

Criticism and Concerns

Some analysts and critics argue that the law may accelerate the assimilation of minority communities into the Han-majority culture. Experts suggest it reinforces expectations that ethnic minorities show loyalty to the central government while integrating with the dominant cultural identity. Meanwhile, Chinese state media maintains that the legislation safeguards minority traditions while fostering development and national cohesion.

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