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A team of Indian scientists has uncovered a remarkably mature ancient galaxy named Alaknanda, reshaping our understanding of early cosmic evolution. Using the James Webb Space Telescope, they observed that the galaxy has a well-formed spiral structure, despite existing when the universe was only 1.5 billion years old.

A Fully Developed Spiral in the Early Universe

Alaknanda, which formed around 12 billion years ago, challenges the conventional view that early galaxies were mostly small and irregular. Instead, it exhibits a grand spiral pattern similar to the Milky Way, with two symmetric arms winding around a central bright core.

Indian Scientists Leading High-Redshift Studies

Researchers at the National Centre for Radio Astrophysics (TIFR), Pune, made the discovery. Detailed observations reveal “beads-on-a-string” star clusters along the spiral arms. The galaxy spans roughly 30,000 light-years and hosts about 10 billion stars, forming new stars at a much faster rate than the Milky Way.

Rethinking Galaxy Formation

Current theories suggest that large spiral galaxies require several billion years to develop stable discs. Alaknanda’s early formation indicates that galaxy assembly in the young universe occurred far more quickly than models predict. Its mass, around ten billion times that of the Sun, appears to have built up in just a few hundred million years.

Next Steps in Research

Astronomers plan additional studies using the James Webb Space Telescope and ALMA in Chile to better understand Alaknanda’s composition and evolution. This discovery adds to mounting evidence that complex, large-scale galaxies formed much earlier than previously believed.

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