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The Baratang mud volcano in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands erupted on 2 October 2025, marking the end of more than two decades of inactivity. The eruption was accompanied by a loud explosion-like noise, followed by the release of thick mud and gas-filled smoke. In response, authorities swiftly cordoned off the site to ensure public safety. The eruption has formed a new mound approximately 3 to 4 metres high, covering nearly 1,000 square metres with wet soil. The Geological Survey Department has been alerted to conduct detailed investigations into the event.

Location And Importance Of Baratang Mud Volcano

Baratang Island, located in the North and Middle Andaman district, lies around 150 kilometres north of Port Blair, the capital of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The mud volcano here is of special significance, as it is the only known active mud volcano in India. Apart from its scientific value, it is a well-known geo-tourism destination, drawing visitors fascinated by its rare natural processes and scenic surroundings.

Formation And Characteristics Of Mud Volcanoes

Mud volcanoes form when gases and fluids from beneath the Earth’s surface force their way upward, expelling mud, water, and gases through fissures. Unlike conventional volcanic eruptions, they do not emit lava or ash. The primary gases released, such as methane, originate from the decomposition of organic materials deep underground. As the gases rise, they carry mud and sediment, which accumulate to form cone-shaped mounds or domes. Depending on subsurface pressure and composition, mud volcanoes can range from small formations a few metres tall to expansive structures hundreds of metres wide.

Recent Eruption And Safety Measures

This is the first major eruption at Baratang since 2005, making it a significant geological event for the region. Following the eruption, local police and forest officials swiftly imposed restrictions on tourist movement near the site. Access routes have been temporarily closed, and transport operators have been instructed to halt trips to the area until further notice. The administration has initiated continuous monitoring of seismic and gas activity to ensure safety and detect any renewed eruptions.

Volcanic Activity Across Andaman Region

The Andaman and Nicobar archipelago is home to another volcanic site Barren Island, India’s only active igneous volcano. Situated about 140 kilometres from Port Blair, Barren Island has experienced several eruptions since its first recorded activity in 1787, with the most recent occurring in 2022 and September 2025. While Barren Island’s eruptions result from tectonic movements and magma flow at the Indian–Burmese plate boundary, Baratang’s activity is sedimentary in origin, driven by trapped gases and pressure from decaying organic material.

Geological Significance And Research Potential

The Andaman and Nicobar Islands occupy a critical geological zone shaped by subduction of the Indian Plate beneath the Burmese microplate. This makes them an exceptional region for studying earthquake dynamics, plate tectonics, and hydrothermal activity. The Baratang mud volcano offers scientists an opportunity to study the interaction of gas emissions, subsurface pressure, and sedimentary processes.

Beyond research, the site also holds eco-tourism value, attracting geologists, students, and nature enthusiasts. However, given the renewed volcanic activity, access will remain restricted until safety is ensured.

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