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The Tirupati Urban Development Authority (TUDA) has launched an ambitious initiative, Operation SWARNA, aimed at restoring the health and vitality of the Swarnamukhi River. This comprehensive plan seeks to reclaim encroached riverbanks, rejuvenate the flow of water, and ensure the river’s long-term sustainability for ecological, cultural, and community benefits.

About Swarnamukhi River

The Swarnamukhi River is an important east-flowing river in Andhra Pradesh, with a relatively small catchment area of approximately 3,225 sq. km. Despite its modest size, it holds considerable environmental, cultural, and religious significance.

Course And Geography

The river originates at an elevation of 300 meters in the Eastern Ghats, near Pakala village in Chittoor district. From its source, it flows predominantly in a northeasterly direction, passing through the scenic Tirupati Hills, before ultimately merging with the Bay of Bengal.

The total length of the Swarnamukhi River is about 130 km, and it flows through several sacred regions, including Tirumala and Srikalahasti. These areas are home to notable Hindu temples, such as the Srikalahasteeswara Temple, making the river an integral part of the region’s spiritual heritage.

Unlike many other river systems in India, the Swarnamukhi is largely independent, meaning it does not merge with major river networks. Its flow is primarily dependent on seasonal rainfall, particularly in the upper catchment areas. The basin experiences a significant variation in rainfall, from about 1,270 mm in the eastern regions to 762 mm in the western extremities.

Tributaries And Infrastructure

The Kalyani River is the Swarnamukhi’s main tributary. The Kalyani Dam, constructed in 1977, plays a crucial role in regulating water flow and supporting irrigation in surrounding areas. This infrastructure also contributes to water management efforts, though environmental degradation and encroachments have threatened the river’s natural course.

Operation SWARNA: Objectives And Impact

TUDA’s Operation SWARNA is designed to restore the Swarnamukhi River ecosystem and ensure sustainable water management. Key objectives include:

• Reclaiming encroached riverbanks: Preventing illegal land occupation and restoring natural river width.

• Rejuvenating water flow: Enhancing the river’s capacity to carry and retain water, especially during the monsoon season.

• Environmental restoration: Planting native trees and vegetation along the river to prevent erosion and support biodiversity.

• Community engagement: Involving local residents and stakeholders in conservation efforts to maintain the river’s ecological and cultural significance.

• Infrastructure support: Improving drainage, check dams, and water retention structures to balance flood control with ecological needs.

Significance Of River

The Swarnamukhi River is vital not only for water supply and agriculture in the region but also for its cultural and religious importance. Its rejuvenation supports:

• Ecological balance: Maintaining wetlands and habitats for flora and fauna.

• Agricultural productivity: Ensuring a consistent water supply for irrigation in surrounding areas.

• Tourism and pilgrimage: Sustaining the water-dependent religious sites along its course.

• Flood management: Preventing seasonal floods by regulating river flow effectively.

Challenges And Future Outlook

The Swarnamukhi River has faced encroachment, pollution, and reduced flow, threatening both its ecology and the communities dependent on it. TUDA’s Operation SWARNA is a model project for urban river conservation in India, showcasing how integrated planning, environmental awareness, and community participation can revive river ecosystems.

With sustained effort, the Swarnamukhi River can continue to serve as a lifeline for southern Andhra Pradesh, blending ecological sustainability with cultural preservation.

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