CURRENT AFFAIRS
CURRENT AFFAIRS
Description
Rice cultivation across Africa is increasingly under threat due to the Rice Yellow Mottle Virus (RYMV). This plant virus, though long-present, has recently garnered attention through new genomic research that highlights its detrimental impact on rice productivity. Farmers are reporting falling yields and rising uncertainty in production.
Understanding RYMV
RYMV is a virus that affects rice plants and belongs to the Sobemovirus genus. It is native to Africa and is now found in nearly all major rice-producing countries on the continent. One of its notable traits is its high genetic diversity, which enables it to mutate rapidly and bypass the natural resistance mechanisms of rice plants.
Historical Background
The origin of RYMV is traced to the mid-19th century in the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania. From there, it spread inland and to coastal regions, aided by human movement, colonial-era trade, and military logistics. By the 1970s, the virus had made its way to Madagascar, and today, it continues to expand across rice-growing zones in Africa.
Symptoms And Yield Losses
Infected rice plants typically display yellow to green blotches on leaves, which later form streaks, along with stunted growth. Depending on when the crop is infected and the variety planted, yield losses can range between 10% and total crop failure (100%). Early-stage infections are often the most devastating.
Spread Of RYMV
The virus is primarily spread by insects such as beetles and grasshoppers. It can also be transmitted through livestock contact, contaminated irrigation water, and farming equipment. In addition, RYMV can persist in alternate host plants and infect rice through wounds in roots or stems.
Current Control Methods
A key strategy to manage RYMV is the use of resistant rice varieties. Two important resistance genes RYMV1 and RYMV2 have been discovered. Oryza glaberrima, an indigenous African rice species, generally shows higher resistance than the more widely grown Oryza sativa. Additional control practices include:
Synchronous planting
Burial of infected residues through ploughing
Consistent weeding to remove host plants
Call For Coordinated Action
Researchers are calling for immediate investment in genomic tracking and stricter seed quarantine systems to contain the virus. Biosecurity enhancement and the development of more robust, virus-resistant rice strains are also critical. Strengthening regional collaboration will be essential to minimize future risks and safeguard Africa’s rice supply.
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