Mizoram has made history by becoming the first Indian state to achieve complete functional literacy, a feat that comes over three decades after Kerala was declared fully literate in 1991. This milestone reflects not only the state’s educational progress but also the evolving understanding of what constitutes literacy in contemporary India.
Understanding Functional Literacy
Functional literacy is defined as the capability to read and write with comprehension in any language. When Kerala earned the title of a fully literate state in the early 1990s, the National Literacy Mission set a benchmark of 90% literacy to grant such recognition. Over time, this definition has expanded to include practical skills and real-life application of reading and writing abilities.
Mizoram’s Path To Literacy
Mizoram's recent recognition is the result of its implementation of the ULLAS – Nav Bharat Saaksharta Karyakram, a component of the New India Literacy Programme launched in 2022. As per the 2022 Periodic Labour Force Survey, Mizoram has achieved a literacy rate of 98.4% among individuals aged five years and above, surpassing all other Indian states.
Kerala vs Mizoram: Changing Literacy Rankings
Kerala, which led the nation in literacy with a 93.91% rate in the 2011 Census, now has a reported literacy rate of 91.7% according to recent surveys. Mizoram’s leap ahead in this area showcases shifting dynamics in educational outcomes across states.
Highlights Of New India Literacy Programme
The centrally sponsored New India Literacy Programme focuses on five core areas:
Foundational literacy and numeracy
Development of critical life skills
Vocational training
Basic formal education
Continuing education
In Mizoram, the programme primarily addressed the literacy needs of the 15–35 age group, identifying non-literate individuals through a comprehensive door-to-door survey.
Community Participation Key To Success
Mizoram’s achievement was largely driven by community engagement. Around 290 volunteers, including teachers and students, played a critical role in educating non-literate citizens. This grassroots involvement was crucial in reaching the remotest parts of the state and ensuring inclusive educational access.
Kerala’s Shift Toward Comprehensive Literacy
Kerala, while acknowledging the decline in its literacy rate, is now focusing on broader definitions of literacy, including digital literacy and awareness of civic rights. These efforts aim to equip citizens with the skills necessary to thrive in an increasingly digital and participatory society.
Challenges In Sustaining Literacy
Both Mizoram and Kerala face ongoing challenges. Kerala, for instance, struggles with maintaining high literacy levels due to the influx of migrant workers and transient populations. For both states, the emphasis now lies in adapting literacy goals to address emerging societal needs and maintaining long-term educational gains.
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