Description

India's farmers’ movement, known as the Kisan Aandolan, has witnessed two major phases—one from November 2020 to December 2021 and another from February 2024 to March 2025. While both protests were driven by farmers' demands for better policies, they differed significantly in scale, public support, and outcomes.

Kisan Aandolan 1.0: A Historic Protest

The first phase of the movement was characterized by a massive sit-in at Delhi's borders. Farmers primarily demanded the repeal of three contentious farm laws, fearing they would undermine their livelihoods. Lasting for 380 days, the protest gained widespread public backing, including support from urban communities and various industries. Tragically, over 750 farmers lost their lives during this period. The movement, led by the Samyukta Kisan Morcha (SKM)—a coalition of over 500 farmer unions—eventually achieved its goal when the government repealed the laws on November 19, 2021, following prolonged negotiations.

Kisan Aandolan 2.0: A Different Struggle

The second phase of the movement began on February 13, 2024, at the Shambhu and Khanauri borders between Punjab and Haryana. Unlike its predecessor, this protest was led by the Kisan Mazdoor Morcha (KMM) and SKM (non-political). The key demand was a legal guarantee for Minimum Support Price (MSP), along with 11 additional demands. However, this phase of the movement lacked the widespread public support that had played a crucial role in the earlier protest.

Decline In Public Backing

One of the biggest differences between the two movements was the level of public support. Kisan Aandolan 1.0 received strong backing from various sections of society, which provided resources and amplified the farmers’ cause. In contrast, Kisan Aandolan 2.0 faced resistance, particularly from urban communities and business owners in Punjab, who viewed the agitation as economically disruptive. This shift in perception led to increased calls for stricter regulations against prolonged protests.

Methods Of Protest And Government Response

Both protests employed similar strategies, such as the call to "Dilli Chalo" (March to Delhi). However, Kisan Aandolan 2.0 remained largely confined to Punjab, intensifying economic pressures within the state. The government responded more aggressively this time, using tear gas and other forceful measures, resulting in injuries to over 450 individuals. Unlike the largely peaceful first protest, the second movement was marked by confrontations with law enforcement.

Outcomes And Challenges

The government's handling of Kisan Aandolan 2.0 was significantly more stringent. Security forces dismantled protest sites, leading to the eviction of farmers. Leaders of KMM and SKM (non-political) were arrested, and negotiations failed to produce substantial results. Additionally, the lack of a unified leadership weakened the movement's impact, making it difficult to achieve policy changes.

While both phases of the Kisan Aandolan were driven by farmers’ demands, their execution and reception varied greatly. The first protest achieved a historic victory, while the second struggled due to reduced public support and a stronger government crackdown. These contrasting outcomes highlight the evolving nature of farmers' movements in India and the challenges of sustaining long-term agitation.

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