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CURRENT AFFAIRS
Description
Recent study has uncovered a new protein known as "Neo," which plays an important role in bacterial defense mechanisms against viral infections, specifically bacteriophages.
About Neo
Researchers lead by Stephen Tang and Samuel Sternberg discovered 'Neo' while researching on Klebsiella pneumoniae, as revealed in a 2023 preprint paper on bioRxiv.
Bacteria defend themselves from viral infection (against bacteriophages) through a variety of immune mechanisms, many of which detect and attack foreign nucleic acids. One type of mechanism is defense-associated reverse transcriptase (DRT).
In the DRT-2 technique, bacteria synthesize new genes via rolling-circle reverse transcription (RT) of a non-coding RNA (ncRNA).
In uninfected bacterial cells, the ncRNA and RT enzyme combine to produce a repeating single-stranded cDNA.
The presence of phage initiates second-strand cDNA synthesis, resulting in the formation of lengthy double-stranded DNA.
This double-stranded cDNA produces messenger RNAs that encode a stop codon-free, never-ending open-reading frame (neo) whose translation (neo protein) leads bacteria to develop ineffectively (cell dormancy). It shields the larger bacterial population from the spread of phage.
Significance Of Biotechnology And Medicine
It is a promising biotechnological technique for combating viral infections.
Retroelements in the human genome and bacterial reverse transcriptases have similar evolutionary histories and functional mechanisms.
Bacterial reverse transcriptases, thought to be progenitors to their eukaryotic counterparts, have similar processes.
Reverse Transcriptase
The ability of cells to generate DNA copies from RNA is known as reverse transcription. It is done by an enzyme called reverse transcriptase.
Howard Temin and David Baltimore discovered reverse transcriptase in 1970, which has revolutionized molecular biology research and is critical in the study and management of RNA viruses such as HIV.
Reverse transcriptase is a tool used in molecular biology to clone genes, perform PCR, and analyze genomes.
It is also utilized in diagnostics to detect and quantify viral loads, as seen with SARS-2. It has also aided in tracking the virus's spread, paving the door for increased surveillance, improved public healthcare, and vaccine research.
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