Delays in the implementation of DNA and facial recognition systems

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More than a year after the Criminal Procedure Identification Act (CrPI) was passed in Parliament, India is set to implement 'DNA and Face Matching' systems in 1,300 police stations across the country. Despite the Act's provisions, its full implementation on the ground has been hampered by logistical and connectivity issues. 

Adoption of the CrPI Act

The Criminal Procedure Identification Act (CrPI) was approved by the Indian Parliament in April 2022, providing police and Central Investigating Agencies the right to collect, store, and analyze physical and biological samples, including retina and iris scans of arrested individuals. However, it took until September 2022 for the Act's rules to be publicly notified.

SOP (Standard Operating Procedure)

The National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), which was in charge of regulating the Act's implementation, focused on finalizing the Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) that police officials would use when taking measurements. Although the Act and guidelines did not expressly reference DNA samples or face matching processes, the NCRB told State police authorities that these measures would be implemented at around 1,300 locations across police districts, commissionerates, and Special Investigation Units.

Initiatives from the Government

The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) established a Domain Committee comprised of officials from state police, central law enforcement agencies, and important stakeholders to guarantee the successful implementation of the CrPI Act. A technical subcommittee was also formed to develop SOPs for capturing DNA as a measurement. The NCRB was entrusted with identifying ideal locations for the Measurement Collection Unit (MCU), with the states tasked with identifying suitable locations for the MCU.

Challenges encountered

The lack of funding and training for police personnel is a significant problem in the implementation process. While the MHA covers hardware costs, states must pay for secure Internet lines and operational costs. Several police forces have struggled due to financial constraints.

Integration with NAFIS

The NCRB-managed National Automated Fingerprint Identification System (NAFIS) has been integrated into the CrPI Act's implementation. NAFIS has fingerprint data for over a 1 crore people, including accused and convicted criminals, and is available at around 1,300 police stations across the country.

Replacing an Outdated Law

The CrPI Act supersedes the century-old Identification of convicts Act of 1920, which had a limited scope, focusing only on obtaining finger and foot prints and photographs of convicted convicts and particular categories of detained individuals.

Security Measures for Data

The NCRB has underlined the significance of strong technological, legal, and forensic measures in order to prevent database misuse. Access to these databases is restricted in real time to selected officials, protecting data security and privacy.

Concerns of the Opposition

When the CrPI Act was tabled in Parliament in March 2022, lawmakers objected, calling it "unconstitutional" and a threat to privacy. Despite these reservations, the administration has proceeded with its implementation.

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