Official Syllabus

Unit VI: Reproduction

Chapter 2: Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

• Flower fascinating organs of Angiosperms.

• Prefertilization:- structure and events-stamen, microsporangium & Pollen grain, Structure of microsporangium, microsporosonsis.

• Pollen grain, Pollen Products. Pistil, megasporangium (ovule). Megasperogenesis, female gametophyte or embryosac.

• Pollinations, kinds of Pollinations, Agents of Pollinations, Adaptations in flowers for pollination, out-breeding devices. Pollen robbers & nectar robber, Pollen pistil interaction, Artificial hybridization. Double fertilization, Post fertilization:- Structure & Events.

• Endosperms, Embryo-dicot & monocot, nonalbuminous and albuminous seed, coleorhiza, coleoptiles, advantages of seed, seed, dormancy, fruit-true & false.

• Parthenocarpic fruit, Apomixis, polyembryony, Hybrid Varieties.

Chapter 3: Human Reproduction

Male Reproductive system, Female Reproductive system, the structure of mammary gland Gametogenesis- spermatogenesis, oogenesis. Role of Hormones in gametogenesis, Structure of sperms & ovum. Menstrual cycle fertilization & implantation, sex of baby, Pregnancy & embryonic development Placenta, its role. Major features of embryonic development during pregnancy. Parturition & Lactation & Colostrum.

Chapter 4: Reproductive Health

Reproductive Health Problems & Strategies, RCH its role. Amniocentesis, Population explosion, Birth-control Infant Mortality Rate & Maternal Mortality Rate. Effects of population explosion, Ideal contraceptives, various methods of population control natural & artificial. Medical Termination of Pregnancy, Why MTP? STD, various methods/measures to control STD Infertility & various ART.

Unit VII: Genetics and Evolution

Chapter 5: Principles of Inheritance and Variation

Mendel's law of inheritance, contrasting traits studied by Mendel in Pea, steps in making a cross in Pea. Inheritance of one gene.

Definitions - gene, allele, genotype. phenotype, homoryge & baterygous, dominant, recessive. Monohybrid cross. Punett square, test cross of dominance, law of segregation, incomplete dominance, explanation of concept of dominance Codominance, multiple allelism Inheritance of two genes (Dihybrid cross) law of independent Assertment, chromosomal theory of Inheritance, comparison between behavior of Chromosome & genes. Drosophila melanogaster, linkage and recombination, sex determination, sex chromosome and autosomes, male & female heterogameity, Sex determination in humans, mutation, pedigree analysis, Mendelian disorders - Haemophilia, sickle cell Anaemia, Phenylketonuria, chromosomal disorders - aneuploidy & polyploidy down's syndrome, Klinfelter's & Turner's syndrome.

Chapter 6: Molecular Basis of Inheritance

The DNA: Structure of polynucleotide chain, central Dogma, Packaging of DNA helix, histone & Non histone, nucleosome, Euchromatin & heterochromatin. The search for genetic material Transforming Principle, Biochemical characterization of transforming Principle. The Genetic material in DNA. Properties of Genetic material (DNA & RNA). Criteria of genetic material. RNA world, DNA Replication, Semiconservative mode with experimental proof. The Machinery and enzyme, transcription, transcription Unit, Template and coding strand, Transcription unit and gene, exon and introns. Types of RNA and process of transcription. Splicing, capping, and tailing. Genetic code, Mutation, and genetic code, sickle cell anemia, Fram shift mutations. RNA- the adapter molecule, Translation. Initiator and terminator codon. Role of Ribosome in translation Regulation of gene expression, lac operon, HGP, Goats salient features of Human Genome, Application and future challenges, DNA fingerprinting, repetitive & satellite DNA.

Unit VIII: Biology and Human Welfare

Chapter 8: Human Health and Diseases

Health, Disease and types, common disease in Humans- Typhoid, pneumonia, common cold, malaria, life cycle of plasmodium, amoebiasis, Ascarasis, Elephantiasis (Filariasis) Ringworms, prevention and control of infections disease, Immunity- innate, acquired. Structure of antibody molecule, Primary & secondary response, different types of Antibody Humoral & cell mediated Immunity. Active & passive Immunity, vaccinations, and immunization, Allergies, Autoimmunity, Immune system in the body- Lymphoid organs, MALT, AIDS, Replication of Retrovirus, Cancer, Benign and malignant Tumour, Metastasis Carcinogens. Drugs and alcohol abuse, smoking, adolescence and drug/alcohol abuse, Addiction & dependence, withdrawal symptoms, effects of Drugs/alcohol abuse, Prevention and control of Drugs.

Chapter 10: Microbes in Human Welfare

Microbes in Household products, Microbes in Industrial Products, (fermenters), fermented beverages, Antibiotics, chemicals, Enzymes, and other bioactive molecules, Microbes in sewage treatment, BOD, flocs, Activated sludge, biogas, Ganga and Yamuna Action plan. Microbes in the production of biogas, Biogas plants, Microbes as Biocontrol Agents, Bt cotton, Baculovirus, Microbes as biofertilizers, and organic farming.

Unit IX: Biotechnology 

Chapter 11: Biotechnology-Principles and Processes

Principles of biotechnology, gene cloning, plasmid, Restriction Enzyme, basic steps in genetically modifying an organism Tools of Recombinant DNA technology: Restriction Enzymes, Recognition sequence, Palindromic Nucleotide sequence, gel electrophoresis, cloning vectors, competent host (recombinant DNA) Processes of DNA technology isolation of genetic material (DNA), cutting of DNA at a specific location, PCR, Insertion of DNA into host, obtaining the foreign gene Product, Bioreactors, Downs Stream Processing.

Chapter 12: Biotechnology and its Application

Three critical research areas of biotechn

Official Syllabus

Unit VI: Reproduction

Chapter 2: Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

• Flower fascinating organs of Angiosperms.

• Prefertilization:- structure and events-stamen, microsporangium & Pollen grain, Structure of microsporangium, microsporosonsis.

• Pollen grain, Pollen Products. Pistil, megasporangium (ovule). Megasperogenesis, female gametophyte or embryosac.

• Pollinations, kinds of Pollinations, Agents of Pollinations, Adaptations in flowers for pollination, out-breeding devices. Pollen robbers & nectar robber, Pollen pistil interaction, Artificial hybridization. Double fertilization, Post fertilization:- Structure & Events.

• Endosperms, Embryo-dicot & monocot, nonalbuminous and albuminous seed, coleorhiza, coleoptiles, advantages of seed, seed, dormancy, fruit-true & false.

• Parthenocarpic fruit, Apomixis, polyembryony, Hybrid Varieties.

Chapter 3: Human Reproduction

Male Reproductive system, Female Reproductive system, the structure of mammary gland Gametogenesis- spermatogenesis, oogenesis. Role of Hormones in gametogenesis, Structure of sperms & ovum. Menstrual cycle fertilization & implantation, sex of baby, Pregnancy & embryonic development Placenta, its role. Major features of embryonic development during pregnancy. Parturition & Lactation & Colostrum.

Chapter 4: Reproductive Health

Reproductive Health Problems & Strategies, RCH its role. Amniocentesis, Population explosion, Birth-control Infant Mortality Rate & Maternal Mortality Rate. Effects of population explosion, Ideal contraceptives, various methods of population control natural & artificial. Medical Termination of Pregnancy, Why MTP? STD, various methods/measures to control STD Infertility & various ART.

Unit VII: Genetics and Evolution

Chapter 5: Principles of Inheritance and Variation

Mendel's law of inheritance, contrasting traits studied by Mendel in Pea, steps in making a cross in Pea. Inheritance of one gene.

Definitions - gene, allele, genotype. phenotype, homoryge & baterygous, dominant, recessive. Monohybrid cross. Punett square, test cross of dominance, law of segregation, incomplete dominance, explanation of concept of dominance Codominance, multiple allelism Inheritance of two genes (Dihybrid cross) law of independent Assertment, chromosomal theory of Inheritance, comparison between behavior of Chromosome & genes. Drosophila melanogaster, linkage and recombination, sex determination, sex chromosome and autosomes, male & female heterogameity, Sex determination in humans, mutation, pedigree analysis, Mendelian disorders - Haemophilia, sickle cell Anaemia, Phenylketonuria, chromosomal disorders - aneuploidy & polyploidy down's syndrome, Klinfelter's & Turner's syndrome.

Chapter 6: Molecular Basis of Inheritance

The DNA: Structure of polynucleotide chain, central Dogma, Packaging of DNA helix, histone & Non histone, nucleosome, Euchromatin & heterochromatin. The search for genetic material Transforming Principle, Biochemical characterization of transforming Principle. The Genetic material in DNA. Properties of Genetic material (DNA & RNA). Criteria of genetic material. RNA world, DNA Replication, Semiconservative mode with experimental proof. The Machinery and enzyme, transcription, transcription Unit, Template and coding strand, Transcription unit and gene, exon and introns. Types of RNA and process of transcription. Splicing, capping, and tailing. Genetic code, Mutation, and genetic code, sickle cell anemia, Fram shift mutations. RNA- the adapter molecule, Translation. Initiator and terminator codon. Role of Ribosome in translation Regulation of gene expression, lac operon, HGP, Goats salient features of Human Genome, Application and future challenges, DNA fingerprinting, repetitive & satellite DNA.

Unit VIII: Biology and Human Welfare

Chapter 8: Human Health and Diseases

Health, Disease and types, common disease in Humans- Typhoid, pneumonia, common cold, malaria, life cycle of plasmodium, amoebiasis, Ascarasis, Elephantiasis (Filariasis) Ringworms, prevention and control of infections disease, Immunity- innate, acquired. Structure of antibody molecule, Primary & secondary response, different types of Antibody Humoral & cell mediated Immunity. Active & passive Immunity, vaccinations, and immunization, Allergies, Autoimmunity, Immune system in the body- Lymphoid organs, MALT, AIDS, Replication of Retrovirus, Cancer, Benign and malignant Tumour, Metastasis Carcinogens. Drugs and alcohol abuse, smoking, adolescence and drug/alcohol abuse, Addiction & dependence, withdrawal symptoms, effects of Drugs/alcohol abuse, Prevention and control of Drugs.

Chapter 10: Microbes in Human Welfare

Microbes in Household products, Microbes in Industrial Products, (fermenters), fermented beverages, Antibiotics, chemicals, Enzymes, and other bioactive molecules, Microbes in sewage treatment, BOD, flocs, Activated sludge, biogas, Ganga and Yamuna Action plan. Microbes in the production of biogas, Biogas plants, Microbes as Biocontrol Agents, Bt cotton, Baculovirus, Microbes as biofertilizers, and organic farming.

Unit IX: Biotechnology 

Chapter 11: Biotechnology-Principles and Processes

Principles of biotechnology, gene cloning, plasmid, Restriction Enzyme, basic steps in genetically modifying an organism Tools of Recombinant DNA technology: Restriction Enzymes, Recognition sequence, Palindromic Nucleotide sequence, gel electrophoresis, cloning vectors, competent host (recombinant DNA) Processes of DNA technology isolation of genetic material (DNA), cutting of DNA at a specific location, PCR, Insertion of DNA into host, obtaining the foreign gene Product, Bioreactors, Downs Stream Processing.

Chapter 12: Biotechnology and its Application

Three critical research areas of biotechnology, Biotechnology Applications in Agriculture, Green revolution, Genetically modified organisms (GMO), BT cotton, cry gene and cry protein, Pest Resistant Plants, RNA interference, Biotechnological Applications in Medicines Genetically Engineered Insulin, Gene therapy, Molecular Diagnosis, Transgenic animals, Ethical Issues, GEAC (Genetic Engineering Approval Committee), Biopiracy.

Unit X: Ecology 

Chapter 13: Organisms and Populations

• Levels of Biological organization, organisms, and environment Major biomes of India, Major Abiotic factors- Temp, Eury thermal & Stenothermal, Water, light & soil.

• Responses to Abiotic factors, homeostasis, Regulators & confermors migration, suspend, Adaptations in Desert plants & animals, Aestivation & Hibernation

• Allen's rule, Altitude sickness, Behavioral responses with variation in the environment.

• Population Attributes, Population ecology, Age structure/age pyramid for human population, Population density.

• Population Growth- natality, mortality, immigration, Emigration Growth Models - Exponential, & logistic growth curve.

• Life history variations, Population-interaction-Predation, competition, Gause'principle, competitive release, Parasitism, adaptation in parasites, resource partitioning. Ectoparasite & endoparasite, Brood parasitism, commensalism, mutualism, one-to-one relationship, sexual deceit.

Chapter 15: Biodiversity and Conservation

• Biodiversity-types, How many species are there on earth & how many in India Representation of global bio-diversity: Proportionate number of species of major taxa of plants, invertebrates & vertebrates, India mega diversity nation.

• Pattern of Bio-diversity -latitudinal gradients, species-area relationship, the importance of species diversity- Rivet Popper hypothesis, loss of biodiversity, causes of biodiversity loss, Habitat loss & fragmentation, overexploitation, alien species, invasion, co-extinction. Why should we conserve biodiversity? How do we can serve biodiversity? In situ conservation, ex-situ conservation, Earth summit & world summit.

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